Rainfall and temperature are crucial weather parameters in addressing climate change. Understanding the magnitude and severity of extreme events is essential for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. This study conducted a frequency analysis of monthly maximum rainfall and temperature data for Khulna station spanning 73 years (1950–2022) to identify the best-fit distribution models capable of predicting extreme events. Among the eight probability distribution models (Normal, Lognormal, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Extreme Value, Logistic, t Location-Scale, Gamma, and Weibull distribution) tested, GEV proved the best fit for rainfall data, while Extreme Value was the optimal choice for temperature data, as confirmed by statistical tests (AIC, K-S and A-D). Model parameters were calculated using the log-likelihood method. Furthermore, the study estimated extreme values of maximum rainfall and temperature for return periods of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years. These findings can offer valuable insights for developing plans and strategies to mitigate the risks and damages associated with extreme weather events.

Advances in global industrialization and urbanisation have resulted in the development of a diverse group of chemical compounds with numerous applications that have a negative impact on the environment and pose human health risks. Air pollution associated with industrial emissions and the continuous discharge of various organic micropollutants (OMPs), without any regulatory measures, may cause environmental risks as well as potential adverse effects on humans even at their low concentrations. Degradation of air quality puts our efforts towards sustainable clean air at risk and impedes the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a number of developing nations worldwide. In recent years, the scientific community has faced the task of understanding the occurrence, fate, and potential ecotoxicological implications associated with OMPs in diverse environmental compartments. The goal of this review paper is to explain OMPs’ origin and occurrences, and adverse consequences on the atmospheric environment and human health. The detection and analysis of these OMPs at trace levels will enables researchers to understand the environmental fate and behaviour of persistent organic contaminants of concern. Therefore, development of novel technologies for effective detection of OMPs at trace levels and appropriate preventive measures need to be adopted. The development of reliable and sensitive techniques will be the first step in the detection and analysis of OMPs in the environment. Furthermore, long-term air quality monitoring is necessary for effective sustainable environmental management of OMPs as well as other related compounds and cost–effective risks mitigation strategies. Sustainable environment therefore require reduction in OMPs emmisions into the atmosphere, adoption of air pollution control policy, and development of effective risks mitigation strategies and by various developing countries.

Soil erosion, defined as a naturally occurring process that adversely affect all landform leads to increased pollution and sedimentation in rivers and streams which causes decline in fish and other forms of aquatic life. Suitable land use guided by scientific research findings can help reduce these impacts. The current study therefore aimed at characterisation and prediction of soil erosion by water using Modified Fournier Index methodology. Prior to final data analysis, data quality checks were deployed where outliers were detected, removed and replace by expectation maximum algorithm aided by SPSS. A machine learning algorithm, Neural Network was applied to forecast probable annual values of the Modified Fournier Index (Cp). Major findings exhibited a significant decreasing trend implying a high likelihood of drought events in the area. This phenomenon provides an insight for possible shift in the type of soil erosion risk to prevail in the near future, where soil particles will be prone to wind erosion. The Neural Network forecasted Fournier index values were seen diminishing annually. From these results it is therefore recommended that more studies be undertaken on drought risk analysis since Fournier index values are diminishing giving way to drought events. This information will provide details necessary for informed decision in the protection and sustainability of the Agricultural activities in the study area.

Trace elements with bio-importance are presence in some heavy metals but adverse effects of these elements called for concern in human system. Hence, the parameters involved must be put into consideration, such as the environment, health effects, and concentrations. The occurrences of the substance to our immediate environment, leaching processing, and their sources must be known. It is generally known that these substances are input into our immediate environment by both natural and anthropogenic means. The substance are imported into the subsurface water, flowing through water directions and finally depositing in the aquifer, or transported by erosion and end up in water and subsequently soil pollution. Heavy metals concentration level presence in soil samples from transformer oil was determined in Sango and Orita-Challenge, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). The heavy metals determined were: (Pd, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, Co, K, Mg, Na, and Cr). It was affirmed from the results that some high level of heavy metals concentration from the transformer sites differs from one another, as a result of heavy metals content in the transformer oil released to the surrounding soil, while the analysis of some samples shows that the heavy metals fall below the detection limit or absent.

Information on the richness of plant species and the structure of the vegetation in forest reserves are crucial for making well-informed decisions, managing reserve forests sustainably, and promoting successful conservation. The study assessed structural characteristics and plant species diversity in the disturbed and non-disturbed plots in the Ise-Ekiti Forest Reserve, Southwestern, Nigeria. Area sizes of 25 m x 25 m in each of the disturbed and undisturbed were randomly established. In each plot, the woody plants were enumerated and the girth sizes of the woody plants were measured using a diameter tape and Spiegel Relaskop. The results showed that the values of stem density (7520 ha-1 ) and basal area (0.8868 m2 ha-1 ) recorded in undisturbed areas were higher than the values recorded in disturbed areas (5147 ha-1, 0.5236 m2 ha-1) respectively. The Shannon’s Weiner Diversity Index value from the undisturbed areas (H′=3.10) was higher than that of the disturbed areas (H′ =2.83). Simpson diversity index was also found to be higher in undisturbed areas (0.93) compared with the values (0.91) recorded in the disturbed areas. The individual rarefaction curve from the results indicated that undisturbed areas were richer in plant species compared to disturbed areas. The findings also revealed that the relationship between relative dominance-important value index, abundance-stem density, height-diameter at breast height, and relative density-relative frequency of plant species was highly significant in both disturbed and undisturbed plots. The study concludes that essential metrics for comprehending the composition and structure of forests are stem density and basal area, which offer valuable information about the productivity and well-being of ecosystems. It also concluded that low Important Value Index (IVI) values indicate species at risk and highlight the importance of conservation actions, which helps prioritize efforts to conserve species.

Laboratory chemical wastewater contains the heavy metals such as Pb and Cr. The removal of Pb from such water in the absence and presence of Cr and other metals using phytoremediation technique with Azolla was studied. A hyperaccumulator Azolla aquatic plant species was grown in a solution of Pb and/or Cr under three experimental settings and the relative growth rate of the plant, the bioconcentration factor and the Pb removal efficiency were measured for a period of 21 days under controlled laboratory environment. In the first experimental setting, the Azolla was planted in Pb solutions of concentrations 2.5 ppm, 5.0 ppm, and 10.0 ppm. A removal efficiency of Pb up to 98% was reported in the solution of 2.5 ppm Pb concentration. In the second experimental setting, when the Pb was mixed with Cr, a decrease in the relative growth rate of Azolla was observed, yet with an increase in the Pb removal efficiency. In the third experiment series, two concentrations (2.5 ppm and 5.0 ppm) of Fe, Mg and Ca in the solution were used in addition to Pb and Cr. Here, a decreased relative growth rate with increasing exposure days, and a rising trend in metal removal efficiency and bioconcentration factor were observed. The results revealed a promising potential of Azolla sp in the phytoremediation of Pb in solution. Further, the Azolla sp was found more effective in removing Pb when it is present individually rather than in a solution with Cr.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) an organic molecules with several fused aromatic rings that are known to have carcinogenic and environmental polluting qualities. The study focuses on soil toxicity, origins, routes of human exposure, and potential remediation methods of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. There are several drawbacks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in soil conditions. These highly persistent organic compounds, which frequently arise from incomplete combustion of organic materials, tend to accumulate in soil over time. Because PAHs are known to be harmful and carcinogenic, this accumulation raises concerns for human health in addition to endangering biodiversity and soil quality. Furthermore, because of their propensity to contaminate groundwater, they pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and may expose communities to additional harm. Through their detrimental effects on microbial communities, which are essential to the cycling of nutrients and the general health of the soil, PAHs can also upset important soil processes. Additionally, the adherence of PAHs to soil particles makes cleanup difficult and expensive. This hampers remediation efforts. All things considered, the fact that PAHs are found in soil emphasizes how critical it is to address their sources and put into place practical measures to lessen their negative effects on the soil, environment, and human health.

DevOps, a portmanteau of Development and Operations, has emerged as a transformative approach to software development and IT operations, emphasizing collaboration, automation, and continuous integration. In recent years, its principles have found resonance beyond the realm of traditional IT, extending into interdisciplinary fields such as Chemistry and Environmental Science. This comprehensive review explores the integration of DevOps practices in these domains, uncovering synergies and novel applications. In the realm of Chemistry, DevOps principles are reshaping laboratory workflows and accelerating the pace of research and experimentation. Automation of data collection, version control for experimental protocols, and collaborative tools for real-time communication among researchers are enhancing efficiency and reproducibility. The application of continuous integration and deployment methods to computational chemistry is streamlining the development of complex simulation models and accelerating the discovery of new compounds. Environmental Science, with its complex data sets and multifaceted challenges, is witnessing a paradigm shift with the infusion of DevOps methodologies. From monitoring air and water quality to managing large-scale environmental databases, DevOps practices are improving data accuracy, facilitating seamless collaboration among researchers, and expediting the deployment of environmental monitoring systems. The integration of DevOps in environmental modeling allows for more agile and responsive decision-making in addressing critical environmental issues. This interdisciplinary synthesis of DevOps in Chemistry and Environmental Science signifies a transformative approach to scientific research and environmental management. The cross-pollination of software development practices with scientific methodologies enhances collaboration, reproducibility, and innovation. As the boundaries between scientific disciplines blur, embracing DevOps becomes imperative for researchers and practitioners seeking to advance their fields in a rapidly evolving technological landscape. This review provides a roadmap for adopting and adapting DevOps principles in Chemistry and Environmental Science, paving the way for a more agile and interconnected scientific community.

Rainfall in coastal areas is influenced by exposure to the ocean, while the climates of the interiors are influenced by continentality. The paper bridges some methodological gaps in previous studies on Cameroon’s rainfall that emphasized interannual variability without any indices between ecological zones. The objective of this study is to compare the rainfall reliability of Douala and Ndu. Ground surface measures of mean monthly rainfall data were collected from the National Meteorological Service (Douala) and the Cameroon Tea Estate Plantation, Ndu for 60 years (1957-2016). The data were analysed using monthly averages, interannual and decadal trends, Standard Deviation (SD), Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Results revealed that the mean annual rainfall is 305.33 mm and 165.04 mm for Douala and Ndu, respectively. The interannual rainfall trend decline is steeper in Douala than in Ndu. Both stations show more dry weather conditions than the anticipated wet conditions, viz, 24 episodes of mild dryness (40%), moderate dryness 3(5%), severe dryness 3(5%) and extreme dryness 2 (3.33%) in Douala; while Ndu showed 23 episodes of mild dryness (38.33%), moderate dryness 7 (11.67%) and 1 incident of extreme dryness (1.67%). This gives 53.33% and 51.67% dry episodes for Douala and Ndu respectively. Despite these recurrent agro-meteorological droughts, rainfall is still reliable with CVs of 14.67% and 13.09% for Douala and Ndu respectively. These dynamics have implications for water-related developments. The populations are called upon to embrace sustainable environmental practices that can enhance rainfall as climate change is looming.

The Nepal Environment Policy and Action Plan (1993) (NEPAP) prioritized the conservation and management of wetlands as one of the most important areas in Nepal. The Nepalese wetlands are referred to as “the kidney of the landscapes.” Wetlands are important for ecosystem services, human existence, economic prosperity, and the earth’s life support system. However, conservation efforts are hampered by the local community’s reliance on wetland resources, poor management participation, and week, undiversified, and unstable livelihoods centered on the direct exploitation of natural resources. This paper includes some information about community participation and role of local people in wetland conservation and management, also focuses in the concept of the wise use of the wetlands by providing equal opportunities based in local people’s participatory management of their wetlands and addresses the innovative approaches of wetland conservation in Nepal.