Environment & Ecosystem Science (EES)

Rapid industrialization over the past few decades has led to significant environmental pollution, with heavy metals being among the most hazardous contaminants due to their high toxicity and abundance. These metals, including Manganese, Magnesium, Copper, Iron, and Zinc are essential for plant growth in specific amounts but can be detrimental in excess, causing disruptions in photosynthesis and other physiological processes. Heavy metals like Cadmium and Lead are particularly harmful, affecting plant growth and enzymatic activities, leading to reduced crop yields. Soil ecosystems and plant growth are disrupted by heavy metal deposition, impacting the food supply and soil performance. This study aims to examine various types of heavy metals, their sources, significance in agriculture, mitigation activities, and recommendations for their control. Heavy metals are classified into essential and non-essential categories, both of which can be toxic at high concentrations. Sources of contamination include both natural processes and anthropogenic activities such as industrial processes, waste disposal, and the use of pesticides and fertilizers. The accumulation of heavy metals in soils affects soil microbial communities and enzyme activities, leading to soil degradation and reduced plant productivity. Understanding the sources, effects, and mitigation strategies for heavy metal contamination is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental health.